Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder that describes recurrent collapse of the upper airway during sleep. Animal models have been pivotal to the understanding of OSA pathogenesis, consequences, and treatment. OSA is associated with significant cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive consequences. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) describes recurrent complete (apnea) or partial (hypopnea) collapse of the upper airway during sleep. The estimated prevalence of OSA in North America is 20–30% in males and 10–15% in females (1, 2), a figure rapidly on the rise with obesity. Additional risk factors for OSA include advanced age, male sex, and craniofacial or upper airway soft tissue abnormalities. During sleep, efforts of breathing against an occluded upper airway lead to impaired gas exchange, swings in intrathoracic pressure, and sleep fragmentation (SF). OSA severity is quantified by the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), which measures the frequency of disordered events.
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