Blog

Animal welfare is the well-being of nonhuman animals. The standards of “good” animal welfare vary considerably between different contexts. These standards are under constant review and are debated, created and revised by animal welfare groups, legislators and academics worldwide. Animal welfare science uses various measures, such as longevity, disease, immunosuppression, behavior, physiology, and reproduction, although there is debate about which of these indicators provide the best information. Respect for animal welfare is often based on the belief that nonhuman animals are sentient and that consideration should be given to their well-being or suffering, especially when they are under the care of humans.These concerns can include how animals are slaughtered for food, how they are used in scientific research, how they are kept (as pets, in zoos, farms, circuses, etc.), and how human activities affect the welfare and survival of wild species.There are two forms of criticism of the concept of animal welfare, coming from diametrically opposite positions. One view, held by some thinkers in history, holds that humans have no duties of any kind to animals. The other view is based on the animal rights position that animals should not be regarded as property and any use of animals by humans is unacceptable. Accordingly, some animal rights proponents argue that the perception of better animal welfare facilitates continued and increased exploitation of animals. Some authorities therefore treat animal welfare and animal rights as two opposing positions. Others see animal welfare gains as incremental steps towards animal rights.

For more details: http://sciaeon.org/veterinary-sciences-and-medicine/home

Submit your manuscript: http://sciaeon.org/submit-paper

Contact us: veterinary@sciaeonopenaccess.com

Epizootic. In epizoology, an epizootic (from Greek: epi- upon + zoon animal) is a disease event in a nonhuman animal population, analogous to an epidemic in humans. An epizootic may be: restricted to a specific locale (an “outbreak”), general (an “epizootic”), or widespread (“panzootic”). n epizootic may be: restricted to a specific locale (an “outbreak”), general (an “epizootic”), or widespread (“panzootic”). High population density is a major contributing factor to epizootics. Aquaculture is an industry sometimes plagued by disease because of the large number of fish confined to a small area .Defining an epizootic it is based upon the number of new cases in a given animal population, during a given period, and must be judged to be a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected based on recent experience (i.e. a sharp elevation in the incidence rate). Because it is based on what is “expected” or thought normal, a few cases of a very rare disease (like a TSE outbreak in a cervid population) might be classified as an “epizootic”, while many cases of a common disease (like lymphocystis in esocids) would not. Common diseases that occur at a constant but relatively high rate in the population are said to be “enzootic” (cf. the epidemiological meaning of “endemic” for human diseases). An example of an enzootic disease would be the influenza virus in some bird populations or, at a lower incidence, the Type IVb strain of VHS in certain Atlantic fish populations.

For more details: http://sciaeon.org/veterinary-sciences-and-medicine/home

Submit your manuscript: http://sciaeon.org/submit-paper

Contact us: veterinary@sciaeonopenaccess.com

Animal Health Monitoring animal health and preventing animal disease outbreaks is vital to the economy and safety of the country’s food supply. Production of healthy livestock helps to ensure a safe food supply and keep consumer prices stable. Animal disease outbreaks can cost the country millions of dollars due to animal slaughters, trade halts, and subsequent disease eradication efforts. For example, PRRSV, a virus that causes stillborn piglets, costs U.S. farmers an annual $600 million. Animal diseases with human health implications can adversely impact public health, global trade, and the stability of the agricultural segment of the economy. Healthy animals are more likely to result in: Safer food supplies Higher farm productivity (including increased numbers of offspring), Reduced environmental impacts, Reduced use of antibiotics, Improved animal well-being.

For more details: http://sciaeon.org/veterinary-sciences-and-medicine/home

Submit your manuscript: http://sciaeon.org/submit-paper

Contact us: veterinary@sciaeonopenaccess.com

Endoscopy in Veterinary Medicine. Endoscopy allows a visual examination of internal organs and body parts without invasive exploratory surgery. Endoscopy is performed with either a rigid or flexible fiberoptic instrument. Endoscopy allows a visual examination of internal organs and body parts without invasive exploratory surgery. Endoscopy is performed with either a rigid or flexible fiberoptic instrument. Flexible endoscopes such as those used in the examination of the stomach consist of a long, flexible insertion tube with a bending tip at the end that enters the body, an eyepiece, and a control section. The tip of the endoscope is manipulated using a control knob in the hand piece. In addition to the fiber bundles which provide the light source, two channels are present within the endoscope. One channel permits various endoscopic tools to be passed and fluids to be suctioned or samples taken. The other allows air or water to be passed into the stomach/intestine to insufflate (inject air into the area), or wash away mucus from the viewing port. Special video cameras can be attached to the endoscopes which allow viewing of the exam on a television screen, as well as recording the exam on video. The rigid endoscope cannot be used in some areas, such as the stomach because it does not have the bending tip, so it cannot be flexed to allow examination of all parts of the stomach.

For more details: http://sciaeon.org/veterinary-sciences-and-medicine/home

Submit your manuscript: http://sciaeon.org/submit-paper

Contact us: veterinary@sciaeonopenaccess.com

Animal biotechnology is a branch of biotechnology in which molecular biology techniques are used to genetically engineer (i.e. modify the genome of) animals in order to improve their suitability for pharmaceutical, agricultural or industrial applications. Animal biotechnology is the use of science and engineering to modify living organisms. The goal is to make products, to improve animals and to develop microorganisms for specific agricultural uses. Examples of animal biotechnology include creating transgenic animals (animals with one or more genes introduced by human intervention), using gene knock out technology to make animals with a specific inactivated gene and producing nearly identical animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer (or cloning). Animal biotechnology in use today is based on the science of genetic engineering. Under the umbrella of genetic engineering exist other technologies, such as transgenics and cloning, that also are used in animal biotechnology. Transgenics (also known as recombinant DNA) is the transferal of a specific gene from one organism to another. Gene splicing is used to introduce one or more genes of an organism into a second organism. A transgenic animal is created once the second organism incorporates the new DNA into its own genetic material.

For more details: http://sciaeon.org/veterinary-sciences-and-medicine/home

Submit your manuscript: http://sciaeon.org/submit-paper

Contact us: veterinary@sciaeonopenaccess.com

Animal disease, an impairment of the normal state of an animal that interrupts or modifies its vital functions. Concern with diseases that afflict animals dates from the earliest human contacts with animals and is reflected in early views of religion and magic. Diseases of animals remain a concern principally because of the economic losses they cause and the possible transmission of the causative agents to humans. The branch of medicine called veterinary medicine deals with the study, prevention, and treatment of diseases not only in domesticated animals but also in wild animals and in animals used in scientific research. The prevention, control, and eradication of diseases of economically important animals are agricultural concerns. Programs for the control of diseases communicable from animals to man, called zoonoses, especially those in pets and in wildlife, are closely related to human health.

For more details: http://sciaeon.org/veterinary-sciences-and-medicine/home

Submit your manuscript: http://sciaeon.org/submit-paper

Contact us: veterinary@sciaeonopenaccess.com

Anhidrosis is defined as a decreased ability to sweat in response to increased body temperature. Failure to sweat has been described in both horses and man and it manifests primarily in to hot, humid climates, like Florida and other Gulf coast states. It is an important problem particularly in performance horses because thermoregulation is mainly accomplished by sweating. In the horse, between 65-70% of body heat is lost via the evaporation of sweat. A humid environment further decreases efficiency of sweat evaporation and cooling of the horse. Sweat glands are densely packed in horse skin (810 glands per cm2), primarily exiting to the skin surface at a hair follicle. These tubular, coiled glands have a rich blood supply and numerous nerves are found in close proximity to the glands. The sweat produced has a number of components, including proteins, electrolytes and significant amounts of water. The proteins found in sweat are primarily glycoproteins, surfactants and proteins associated with skin defense. Electrolytes (including sodium, potassium, and chloride) are found at a higher concentration than blood, particularly potassium.

For more details: http://sciaeon.org/veterinary-sciences-and-medicine/home

Submit your manuscript: http://sciaeon.org/submit-paper

Contact us: veterinary@sciaeonopenaccess.com

Veterinary virology is the study of viruses causing diseases and disorders in animals. It is an important branch of veterinary medicine. A fully infective virus is called a viron. The genomes of viruses are smaller than those found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and in most viruses the nucleic acid is present in a single molecule. The genomes of viruses are of two types: single and double-stranded and viruses can contain either RNA or DNA. Due to these viruses are of three main groups based on their nucleic acid composition: DNA viruses, RNA viruses and viruses.

For more details: http://sciaeon.org/veterinary-sciences-and-medicine/home

Submit your manuscript: http://sciaeon.org/submit-paper

Contact us: veterinary@sciaeonopenaccess.com

Animal science (also animal bioscience) is described as “studying the biology of animals that are under the control of humankind”. It can also be described as the production and management of farm animals.Historically, the degree was called animal husbandry and the animals studied were livestock species, like cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, and horses. Degrees in Animal Science are offered at a number of colleges and universities. Typically, the Animal Science curriculum not only provides a strong science background, but also hands-on experience working with animals on campus-based farms.

For more details: http://sciaeon.org/veterinary-sciences-and-medicine/home

Submit your manuscript: http://sciaeon.org/submit-paper

Contact us: veterinary@sciaeonopenaccess.com

Equine and bovine reserarch leads to continued progress in vaccine development breeding of disease resistant and generation of animal models for developing solutions to diseases,research provides an opportunity to gain experience and enchancing beef and Dairy industry.

For more details: http://sciaeon.org/veterinary-sciences-and-medicine/home

Submit your manuscript: http://sciaeon.org/submit-paper

Contact us: veterinary@sciaeonopenaccess.com