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Animal reproduction and Assisted technology used for promoting reproductive efficiency and to preserve valuable Genetics,it even icludes the continued development of sex sorting technologiess advanced procedures such as sustained development of oocyte transfer and intracytoplasmic sperm injection embryo cryopreservation. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is the use of reproductive technology to treat low fertility or infertility. ART is currently the only form of l uterus, for example, for the time being can only conceive through surrogacy methods).Examples of ART include in vitro fertilization and its possible expansions, including: artificial insemination, artificial reproduction, cloning (see human cloning for the special case of human beings),cytoplasmic transfer ,cryopreservation of sperm, oocytes, embryos, embryo transfer, fertility medication, hormone treatment, in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro generated gametes, preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

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An animal behavior consultant is a practitioner of applied behavior analysis to help correct behavior problems in animals, usually companion animals. Animal behavior consultants are usually employed to identify the cause of a behavior problem, to develop an intervention plan to change the problem behavior, and to help the owners learn how to execute that plan. Animal behavior consultants are distinct from animal trainers, in that their primary goal is not to train an animal to have basic manners or to perform a task, such as agility competition for dogs, but to mitigate behaviors that are problems for the animal’s owner. Animal behavior consultants may also be known as pet behavior counselors  or pet psychologists. Animal behavior consultants may hold group classes for some behavior problems, and may work on-site at laboratories, zoos, sanctuaries or animal shelters; many work in clients’ homes. Most animal behavior consultants work face to face with the animal and human client; however, in some cases, the consultant will work remotely over video and email. Remote consultation is a particularly common modality in separation anxiety cases.

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Veterinary public health (VPH) is a component of public health that focuses on the application of veterinary science to protect and improve the physical, mental and social well-being of humans. In several countries activities related to VPH are organized by the chief veterinary officer. It is desirable to consider food production as a chain, with animals reared on the farm (pre-harvest) then going for primary processing (harvest), secondary processing and distribution followed by final preparation (all post-harvest). This “farm to fork” concept can be easily described by considering a beef animal on a farm going to slaughter at the abattoir, then the hamburger production plant, then being distributed to a supermarket. The hamburger is then sold, taken home, stored, cooked and eaten. Veterinary public health concerns all aspects of food production chain from controlling epidemic diseases that may impact on agriculture, to ensuring slaughter is conducted safely and humanely, to informing the public on safe ways to store and cook hamburgers.

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Pet adoption is the process of taking responsibility for a pet that a previous owner has abandoned or released to a shelter or rescue organization. Common sources for adoptable pets are animal shelters and rescue groups.  Also available is online pet adoption. Pet adoption is the process of taking responsibility for a pet that a previous owner has abandoned or released to a shelter or rescue organization. Common sources for adoptable pets are animal shelters and rescue groups. Some organizations give adopters ownership of the pet, while others use a guardianship model wherein the organization retains some control over the animal’s future use or care. People deal with their unwanted pets in many ways. Some people have the pet euthanized (also known as putting it down or putting it to sleep), although many veterinarians do not consider this to be an ethical use of their resources for young and healthy animals, while others argue that euthanasia is a more humane option than leaving a pet in a cage for very long periods of time. Other people simply release the pet into the wild or otherwise abandon it, with the expectation that it will be able to take care of itself or that it will be found and adopted. Pet adoption is the process of taking responsibility for a pet that a previous owner has abandoned or released to a shelter or rescue organization. Common sources for adoptable pets are animal shelters and rescue groups.  Also available is online pet adoption. Pet adoption is the process of taking responsibility for a pet that a previous owner has abandoned or released to a shelter or rescue organization. Common sources for adoptable pets are animal shelters and rescue groups. Some organizations give adopters ownership of the pet, while others use a guardianship model wherein the organization retains some control over the animal’s future use or care. People deal.

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Venom, the poisonous secretion of an animal, produced by specialized glands that are often associated with spines, teeth, stings, or other piercing devices. The venom apparatus may be primarily for killing or paralyzing prey or may be a purely defensive adaptation. Venom is a secretion containing one or more toxins produced by an animal. Venom has evolved in a wide variety of animals, both predators and prey, and both vertebrates and invertebrates. Venoms kill through the action of at least four major classes of toxin, namely necrotoxins and cytotoxins, which kill cells; neurotoxins, which affect nervous systems; and myotoxins, which damage muscles. Biologically, venom is distinguished from poison in that poisons are ingested, while venom is delivered in a bite, sting, or similar action. Venomous animals cause tens of thousands of human deaths per year. However, the toxins in many venoms have potential to treat a wide range of diseases.

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Veterinary oncology is a subspecialty of veterinary medicine that deals with cancer diagnosis and treatment in animals. Cancer is a major cause of death in pet animals. In one study, 45% of the dogs that reached 10 years of age or older died of cancer. A veterinary oncologist is a veterinarian who has completed additional specialized training in conventional oncology. Cancer is the number one natural cause of death in animals and it accounts for nearly 50 percent of deaths each year. Skin tumors are the most frequently diagnosed type of tumor in domestic animals for two reasons: 1. constant exposure of animal skin to the sun and external environment, 2. skin tumors are easy to see because they are on the outside of the animal. Companion animals such as dogs and cats suffer from many of the same types of cancer as humans. Cancer research with dogs has helped in the design of clinical trials for cancer therapy for humans. In the spirit of the One Health movement (global collaborative research on human and animal health) such human-animal connections in cancer research could benefit both humans and animals with cancer in the future.Animals with cancer also sometimes function as animal sentinels that provide an early warning of carcinogens and an environmental health hazard to humans.

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Animal models serving in research may have an existing, inbred or induced disease or injury that is similar to a human condition. These test conditions are often termed as animal models of disease. Pre-clinical studies follow strict regulatory standards. These standards protect animals and help produce reproducible study results. It includes research studies that advances knowledge and improves the health and wellbeing of animals. All clinical science research studies are carefully planned and experts reviewing the proposed experiment involving animals weigh several considerations before approving each study. It concentrates on problems related to the causes, diagnosis and treatment of problems affecting animals. Veterinary clinical sciences deal with studies that explore whether a medical strategy, treatment, or device is safe and effective for treatment of diseases in animals. Clinical sciences are the best way to study diseases and effective treatments because the disease being studied and treated is an organic event taking place spontaneously in nature, rather than being imposed within an artificial laboratory environment.

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Animal nutrition mainly focuses on the dietary habits and needs of animals especially the domesticated animals raised for agriculture and food production. Improved animal nutrition helps in increasing the quality of livestock production leading to producing higher quality meat and eggs. An optimal nutritional program ensures adequate intake of amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins by animals through a planned program that corrects all the deficiencies in animals. Essential nutrient is a substance that is required to maintain health and prevent diseases in animals. For many nutrients there is range of acceptable intakes which is defined by the minimum amount required to prevent adverse effects resulting from too little intake (deficiency) or the maximum intake above which, also results in adverse effects (i.e. toxicity). Fundamental and applied research is carried out to meet the goals of optimized animal nutrition. Diet with certain important nutrients (e.g., arginine, glutamine, zinc, and conjugated linoleic acid) regulates gene expression and key metabolic pathways improving fertility, pregnancy outcome, immune function, neonatal survival and growth, feed efficiency, and meat quality. Proper balance of protein, energy, vitamins and all nutritionally important minerals in diets is required for improvised productivity and economical.

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Structural and Functional Biosciences of animals deals with the fundamental concepts relating to the structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of animals. It includes various integrative, evolutionary and comparative perspectives of animal anatomy and physiology. The complete physiological concepts (e.g. homeostasis) of animals will be studied right from the basic cellular to organ level. It also deals with the mechanisms of functional integration and control as well as the immunological aspects of animals and also Elements of comparative body plans, topographical anatomy and developmental biology are studied.

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Veterinary pharmacology deals with the study of drugs with respect to their origin, physical structure and chemical composition, kinetics and action in their body and their use in treatment of various diseases in animals. Veterinary pharmacology is divided into two sub-disciplines – Veterinary Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics Veterinary Pharmacodynamics deals with the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. It takes into consideration both drug action, and drug effect. Veterinary Pharmacokinetics studies the characteristics of a particular drug which include rates of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion and determines its concentration in the plasma. Veterinary pharmacologists are the experts who have a thorough knowledge on the use of pharmaceutical drugs to treat diseases in animals.

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