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Veterinary virology is the study of viruses causing diseases and disorders in animals. It is an important branch of veterinary medicine. A fully infective virus is called a viron. The genomes of viruses are smaller than those found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and in most viruses the nucleic acid is present in a single molecule. The genomes of viruses are of two types: single and double-stranded and viruses can contain either RNA or DNA. Due to these viruses are of three main groups based on their nucleic acid composition: DNA viruses, RNA viruses and viruses.

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Animal diagnosis is the field of study which deals with the diagnosis of various animal diseases caused due to various external and internal factors especially due to microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. Animal disease is an impairment of the normal state of an animal that effects the normal functioning of its vital functions. The veterinary diagnostic laboratories help in diagnosing various animal diseases and provide a wide range of animal disease diagnostic services to veterinarians, livestock producers, pet owners, and biomedical researchers. The diagnostic laboratories provide diagnostic medical testing for infectious agents, toxins, and other causes of disease in animal diagnostic samples submitted.

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Treatment of veterinary diseases includes the basic procedures employed in the treatment of various diseases that occur in domestic and wild animals. The concept of health and disease is central in veterinary medicine. Animal disease is an impairment of the normal state of an animal that effects the normal functioning of its vital functions. Professionals in this field of veterinary diseases play a very key role in exploring various diseases caused in animals, the causative agents of animal diseases and various diagnostic techniques employed in treatment of animal diseases.

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Veterinary Science is the science of diagnosing, treating and curing the diverse types of diseases in birds and animals. The subject broadly covers the study of animal physiology, treatment and prevention of diseases among animals. The basic principles of this specialized branch of study are quite similar to that of human medical sciences. It involves not only taking care of animal health but also includes scientific breeding and handling of livestock.

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The Emergency and Critical Care, or ECC, is the extensive care provided with respect to rapid diagnostics, treatments along with stabilization of pets those have emergent conditions also proving care to seriously injured animals, in other words Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care Medicine or Veterinary Intensive Care Medicine is the discipline of veterinary medicine involved with the provision of life support to seriously injured and ill animals those require meticulous monitoring. This kind of care is generally given to those animals where there is condition of potential reverse also having good survival chances with appropriate care.

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Veterinary surgery is a type of surgery which is performed on animals by veterinarians whereas this process takes three categories to complete. These categories are orthopaedics (bones, joints, and muscles), soft tissue surgery (skin, body cavities, cardiovascular system, respiratory tracts) and neurosurgery. It is like a practice or a service that provides health care for animals.Veterinary Surgery means the art and science of veterinary medicine and surgery including the diagnosis of diseases in animals and injuries to animals, performing tests on animals for diagnostic purposes, giving advice based on diagnosis and the medical or surgical treatment of animal and performing surgical operations on animals.

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Veterinary Ophthalmology is the branch of veterinary medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eyeball of animals. Veterinary Ophthalmologist is a specialist person who can solve medical and surgical eye related problem of animals. A huge numbers of diseases and different types of conditions can be diagnosed from the eye itself only. Some conditions such as entropion, ectopic cilia and protrusion of the nictitans gland occur much more frequently in younger animals whereas neoplasia occurs much more commonly in older animals. Medications can influence the eye. People sometimes give their pet’s old eye medicines which initially prescribed for other pets or for themselves. This can cause problems such as bacterial contamination of a corneal ulcer or may cause changes such as atropine dilating the pupil.

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Veterinary anesthesia is anesthesia performed on non-human animals by a veterinarian or a Registered Veterinary Technician. Anesthesia is used for a wider range of circumstances in animals than in people, due to animals’ inability to cooperate with certain diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Veterinary anesthesia includes anesthesia of the major species: dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, as well as all other animals requiring veterinary care such as birds, pocket pets, and wildlife. Anesthesia is required for many surgical procedures which require the patient to be immobile, unaware, and without pain. Furthermore, anesthesia aims to minimize the surgical stress response. In addition, certain diagnostic procedures require anesthesia, notably stomach or airway endoscopy, bone marrow sampling, and occasionally ultrasound. Aggressive animals may require anesthesia in order to handle and perform a physical exam or obtain blood for testing. Exotic animals frequently require anesthesia for simple procedures (such as taking a radiograph or catheter placement) due to lack of domesticity. Animals may require anesthesia for therapeutic procedures, such as urinary catheterization to relieve obstruction, injection into a mass, or removing fluid from the eye to treat glaucoma.In addition to anesthesia, analgesia is often managed by anesthesiologists or is included in the considerations for anesthesia.

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Animal welfare science is a study of welfare of animals such as pets, animals in zoos, animals in laboratories, animals on farms and animal in the wild. Animal welfare has been of great concern for centuries in religion and culture, the investigation of animal welfare using rigorous scientific methods is a relatively recent development. Animal welfare science is the scientific study of the welfare of animals as pets, in zoos, laboratories, on farms and in the wild. Animal welfare science can be considered as the assessment of welfare. The first publication to include the term “assessment” appears to be a 1965 appendix by William Homan Thorpe entitled The assessment of pain and distress in animals. This was followed 20 years later by a highly influential paper on assessing pain and distress in laboratory animals by Morton and Griffiths. Animal welfare science uses a variety of behavioural or physiological measures or indicators. Integrated approaches to assess animal welfare include risk analysis and semantic modelling clarification needed] of animal welfare.

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Animal ethics is a term used to indicate the human animal relationships and how animals need to be treated while being used for various teaching and research purposes. Animal Ethics Committees (AECs) deal with the used in research and teaching. They play a key role in approving and monitoring the use and supply of animals for various teaching and research purposes. No animal research or teaching may be carried out without the approval of the responsible AEC. AECs ensure that all activities carried out by the research institutes comply with the animal research legislation by carrying out inspections of animals and facilities. Animal ethics is a term used in academia to name the branch of ethics that examines human-animal relationships, the moral consideration of animals and how nonhuman animals ought to be treated. The subject matter includes animal rights, animal welfare, animal law, speciesism, animal cognition, wildlife conservation, the moral status of nonhuman animals, the concept of nonhuman personhood, human exceptionalism, the history of animal use, and theories of justice.Several different theoretical approaches have been proposed to examine this field, in accordance to the different theories currently defended in moral and political philosophy.

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