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Anisocoria is a condition in which the pupils of the dog’s eyes are different sizes; in other words, one pupil is larger than the other. In some cases, the abnormal pupil may be the one that is smaller and in other cases the abnormal pupil may be the one that is larger. Anisocoria is a sign of a disease or condition, therefore there can be several different causes, including: Corneal injury such as an ulcer. Disease or injury to the brain or to the nerves running to the affected eye such as Horner’s syndrome. Glaucoma, a disease in which there is increased pressure within the eye (the pupil in the affected eye will be dilated). Uveitis, or inflammation of the interior of the eye (the pupil in the affected eye will usually be constricted). Retinal disease. If anisocoria occurs suddenly, you should consider this an emergency and seek veterinary care immediately to lessen the chance that your dog’s vision will be permanently affected.

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Acariasis in animals is caused by a variety of mites (class Arachnida, subclass Acari). Additional families and species of mites are found on wild and exotic animals. Most mites live on or in the skin, feathers or mucous membranes, but a few species are endoparasites. Acariasis is a term for a rash, caused by mites, sometimes with a papillae (pruritic dermatitis) or papule (papular urticaria), and usually accompanied by a hive (urticaria) and severe itching sensations. An example of such an infection is scabies or gamasoidosis. The closely related term, mange, is commonly used with domestic animals (pets) and also livestock and wild mammals, whenever hair-loss is involved. Sarcoptes and Demodex species are involved in mange, but both of these genera are also involved in human skin diseases (by convention only, not called mange). Sarcoptes in humans is especially severe symptomatically,

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Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV) is a rapidly progressive life-threatening condition of dogs. The condition is commonly associated with large meals and causes the stomach to dilate, because of food and gas, and may get to a point where neither may be expelled, loss of blood flow to the lining of the stomach. The increased pressure and size of the stomach may have several severe consequences, including: prevention of adequate blood return to the heart from the abdomen, loss of blood flow to the lining of the stomach, rupture of the stomach wall, pressure on the diaphragm preventing the lungs from adequately expanding leading to decreased ability to maintain normal breathing.

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Castration (also known as orchiectomy) is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which an individual loses use of the testicles: the male gonad. Surgical castration is bilateral orchidectomy (excision of both testes), and chemical castration uses pharmaceutical drugs to deactivate the testes. Castration causes sterilization (preventing the castrated person or animal from reproducing); it also greatly reduces the production of certain hormones, such as testosterone. Surgical castration in animals is often called neutering. Surgical castration is bilateral orchidectomy (excision of both testes), and chemical castration uses pharmaceutical drugs to deactivate the testes. Castration causes sterilization (preventing the castrated person or animal from reproducing); it also greatly reduces the production of certain hormones.

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Bronchoscopy is a procedure done by an Internal Medicine specialist to evaluate the trachea, bronchi and lower airways. The procedure is done with your pet under general anesthesia after he/she has not eaten for 12 or more hours.While anesthetized, a flexible digital endoscope is passed through your pet’s mouth into his/her trachea and down into the lungs. The Internal Medicine specialist is able to view an image of your pet’s airway on a digital video screen. A biopsy instrument or tiny brush can be passed through the endoscope for the purpose of obtaining small samples of the tracheal or bronchial wall. Often small amounts of sterile saline are flushed through the scope and into the lower airway, then immediately retrieved by suction. This is called a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and allows the specialist to obtain samples of tissue and cultures of the lower lung or airway.

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Dyspnea, which means difficulty breathing, occurs when a pet is having the feeling of shortness of breath. The true term dyspnea shouldn’t be confused with tachypnea which means an increased respiratory rate.  Most of the time pets are tachypneic first, which can serve as your first clue that dyspnea may be on the way.Difficulty breathing can typically be linked to the following anatomical locations in the body: Upper airway (i.e., the throat, larynx, or pharynx area),Lower airway (i.e., the trachea and lungs),Pleural space (i.e., the area surrounding the lungs),Lung parcenchyma (i.e., the lungs),Chest wall (i.e., the ribs and associated muscles),Diaphragm.Look-a-likes are problems that often make it look like your pet is having difficulty breathing and may include severe pain, abnormal oxygen levels in the red blood cells, stress, hyperthermia, metabolic abnormalities, drugs, neurologic problems, shock, etc.

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Azotemia is defined as an excess level of nitrogen-based substances compounds such as urea, creatinine, and other body waste compounds in the blood. Azotemia is defined as an excess level of nitrogen-based substances compounds such as urea, creatinine, and other body waste compounds in the blood. Azotemia in dogs is a buildup of nitrogen-based substances, including waste like urea, creatinine, old cells, and food in the bloodstream. This can happen because of reabsorption of urine into the bloodstream, abnormally high production of nitrogenous substances due to a high protein diet or gastrointestinal bleeding, or other conditions, but it is most commonly caused by improper filtration in the kidneys. The prognosis for dogs with azotemia depends on the cause of the condition and how far it has progressed, especially if there is kidney damage. If you see the signs of azotemia in your dog, consult your veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and treatment, as the condition can become life-threatening. Here is what you should know about the symptoms, causes, and treatments for azotemia in dogs.

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Abdominocentesis in dogs is the procedure in which fluid is removed from the abdomen using a needle. Abdominocentesis is used whenever a veterinarian has found a large amount of fluid in the abdomen. Removing the fluid can both treat and aid in the diagnosis of the canine’s underlying health problem. Abdominocentesis is used whenever a veterinarian has found a large amount of fluid in the abdomen. Removing the fluid can both treat and aid in the diagnosis of the canine’s underlying health problem. Performed by a licensed veterinarian, most abdominocentesis procedures do not require sedation or the need for a referral to a veterinary specialist.The veterinarian will first take an ultrasound or radiograph to identify the location of the fluid accumulation. The staff will then proceed to assemble all of the necessary equipment, including latex gloves, red and lavender topped tubes for fluid collection, Prot-a-cul culture, 3-6ml syringes, 22 gauge needles, antimicrobial scrub solution and hair clippers. No anesthesia or sedation is required for most abdominocentesis procedures, so a gas anesthetic will not be required unless your dog is restless. The canine will then be placed in lateral or ventral recumbency if he/she is unable to stand. The ventral abdomen will be clipped and aseptically scrubbed with an antimicrobial solution .

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The Complete Blood Count, or CBC, shows a veterinarian your dog’s hydration status, anemia, infection, blood clotting ability and immune system response. Hemoglobin and mean corpulscular hemoglobin concentration (Hb and MCHC): These are the oxygen-carrying pigments of red blood cells. The Complete Blood Count, commonly called a “CBC” is a routine blood test that is used in all stages of health and illness. It is a simple test that gives information about the different cell types in the blood and can indicate the presence of many forms of disease. Most of the blood cells come from bone marrow, so the CBC can also be used indirectly to assess the health of the bone marrow. A small sample of blood is collected from the pet and placed in a special tube that prevents the blood from clotting. The sample is then put in a machine called an automated blood analyzer, which counts the different cell types and describes various characteristics of the cells. In addition, a drop of blood is spread thinly on a glass slide creating a blood smear. This is stained with special dyes, and examined under the microscope to look at the appearance of individual cells.

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Skeletal and joint disorders are the most common. In horses, musculoskeletal injuries are a major source of debilitating pain, financial loss, and loss of performance. Joint disease (including arthritis) and tendon injuries are particularly common and costly in performance horses.Disorders of the musculoskeletal system most often affect the horse’s ability to move. How severely movement is impaired depends on the type and severity of the problem. Skeletal and joint disorders are the most common. In horses, musculoskeletal injuries are a major source of debilitating pain, financial loss, and loss of performance. Joint disease (including arthritis) and tendon injuries are particularly common and costly in performance horses. Other disorders that can cause problems in the musculoskeletal system include diseases of the muscles, neurologic problems, toxins in the body, hormonal abnormalities, metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, blood and vascular disorders, poor nutrition, and birth defects. Many different systems in the body rely on the muscles. A horse’s ability to see, breathe, urinate, breed, and even chew and swallow may be affected by a muscular condition. With many disorders, however, the musculoskeletal system is simply the location where signs of other underlying conditions show themselves. Veterinarians often trace the real cause of musculoskeletal trouble back to the nervous system.Disorders that primarily affect the muscle membrane or muscle fibers are called myopathies. Muscle membrane disorders may be hereditary or acquired. Exertional myopathies (such as “tying up”) are examples of myopathies involving the actual muscle fiber. Diagnosing a myopathy usually requires blood tests, biopsies, and electronic tests (such as electromyographic studies or thermography).

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